Using a SAT solver to generate checking sequences

Methods for software testing based on Finite State Machines (FSMs) have been researched since the early 60’s. Many of these methods are about generating a checking sequence from a given FSM which is an input sequence that determines whether an implementation of the FSM is faulty or correct. In this paper, we consider one of these methods, which constructs a checking sequence by reducing the problem of generating a checking sequence to finding a Chinese rural postman tour on a graph induced by the FSM; we re-formulate the constraints used in this method as a set of Boolean formulas; and use a SAT solver to generate a checking sequence of minimal length

Checking sequence construction using adaptive and preset distinguishing sequences

Methods for testing from finite state machine-based specifications often require the existence of a preset distinguishing sequence for constructing checking sequences. It has been shown that an adaptive distinguishing sequence is sufficient for these methods. This result is significant because adaptive distinguishing sequences are strictly more common and up to exponentially shorter than preset ones. However, there has been no study on the actual effect of using adaptive distinguishing sequences on the length of checking sequences. This paper describes experiments that show that checking sequences constructed using adaptive distinguishing sequences are almost consistently shorter than those based on preset distinguishing sequences. This is investigated for three different checking sequence generation methods and the results obtained from an extensive experimental study are given

Minimizing coordination channels in distributed testing

Testing may be used to show that a system under test conforms to its specication. In the case of a distributed system, one may have to use a distributed test architecture, involving p testers in order to test the system under test. These p testers may under some circumstances have to coordinate their actions with each other using external coordination channels. This may require the use of up to p2 p unidirectional coordination channels in the test architecture, which can be an extensive and expensive setup. In this paper, we propose a method to generate checking sequences while minimizing the number of required coordination channels, by adapting existing methods that generate checking sequences to be applied in a centralized test architecture. We consider the case of unidirectional and bidirectional coordination channels, and the case of transitive coordination

Levels of serum 25 (OH) D3 in naturally infected lambs with giardia duodenalis

Giardia duodenalis kuşlar, reptiller ve bir çok memeli hayvanı enfekte edebilen binükleuslu flagellalı bir protozoondur. Söz konusu patojen insanlarda ve çiftlik hayvanlarında başta olmak üzere şekillenen ishalin en önemli nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Çalışmada Giardia duodenalis ile doğal enfekte kuzularda serum 25- hidroksi vitamin D3 seviyelerindeki değişimlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın hayvan materyalini Aydın bölgesinde bulunan yaşları 15-35 günlük arasında her iki cinsiyetten sakız ırkı Giardia duodenalis ile doğal enfekte (n=30), benzer yaş aralığındaki aynı ırktan (n=15) ve her iki cinsiyetten sağlıklı kuzular oluşturdu. Enfekte ve sağlıklı hayvanlardan dışkı örnekleri rektal tuşe yöntemi ile steril dışkı örnekleri, serum 25-hidroksi vitamin D3 seviyelerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile de tekniğine uygun olarak v.jugularisden toplamda 5 ml olacak şekilde kan örnekleri alındı. Dışkı örneklerinden direkt mikroskobik bakı yöntemi ile giardia taraması yapıldı. Elde edilen serum örneklerinden Savant marka flöresan immunoassay cihazı ile 25-OH-D seviyeleri ölçüldü. İstatistiksel analizde Mann-Whitney U testinden yararlanıldı. Sağlıklı ve doğal enfekte hayvanlara ait 25-hidroksi vitamin D3 seviyeleri arasında istatistiksel (p<0,05) anlamlı değişimlerin olduğu belirlendi.Giardia duodenalis is a binuclear flagellated protozoan that can infect birds, reptiles and many mammals. The pathogen is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in humans and farm animals. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in naturally infected lambs with Giardia duodenalis. The animal material of the study was used Sakız sheep which had naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis between 15-35 days of age from the Aydın region (n = 30), healthy lambs in the same age range (n = 15) and both sexes. Sterile stool samples with the method of rectal touching of fecal samples from infected and healthy animals, blood samples were obtained in a total of 5 ml of v.jugularis according to the technique in order to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Giardia screening was performed by direct microscopic examination of stool samples. 25-OH-D levels were measured with Savant brand fluorescent immunoassay device from the obtained serum samples. Mann-Whitney U test was used in statistical analysis. Statistically significant changes were observed in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels of healthy and natural infected animals (p <0.05)

Classical xanthinuria: a case report

Pürin metabolizmasının kalıtsal bir bozukluğu olan ksantinüri, ürolitiyazisin nadir görülen bir nedenidir. Üç aylıktan itibaren kum dökme ve kanlı idrar yapma yakınmaları olan, ilk kez 9 aylıkken anuri ve böbrek yetmezliği bulguları ile başvurduğu bir merkezde, her iki böbreğinde çok sayıda opak olmayan taşlar saptanarak çift taraflı perkütan nefrostomi açılan ve tekrarlayan nefrolitiyazis nedeniyle iki kez nefrolitotomi uygulanan olgu, 30 aylıkken hastanemize başvurdu. Yapılan metabolik tetkikler sonucu “ Klasik Ksantinüri “ saptanan olgu nadir görülmesi ve geç tanı almış olması nedeniyle sunulmuştur.Xanthinuria, an inherited disorder of purine metabolism, is a rare cause of urolithiasis. Our case presented with hematuria and crystalluria since 3 months of age. He had been hospitalized for the first time at 9 months of age with anuria and renal failure. Bilateral multiple nonopaque stones had been detected and he had undergone nephrolithotomy twice since then. He was admitted to our hospital when he was 30-months-old. He was screened for metabolic abnormalities and the diagnosis of classical xanthinuria was established. This case is reported because of it's rare occurence and of late diagnosis

Comparison of two hematocrite measurement methods in diarrheic neonatal calves

Bu çalışmada veteriner hekimlikte sıklıkla kullanılan hücre sayımı temel prensipli ve amperometrik yöntem ile ölçüm yapan iki farklı hematokrit ölçüm tekniğinin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Farklı etiyolojileri bulunan her iki cinsiyetten toplam 84 neonatal ishalli buzağı çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hematokrit ölçümleri için buzağılardan lityum heparin içeren kan gazı enjektörlerine ve tüplere kan örnekleri, toplamda 4 ml olacak şekilde alındı. Hematokrit ölçümleri için Abacus Junior Vet 5 kan sayım cihazı ve Irma Truepoint kan gazı analiz cihazından yararlanıldı. Linear regresyon analizi ve pearson korelasyonu sonuçlarına göre hematokrit ölçümlerinden elde edilen verilerin her iki ölçüm tekniği arasında r=0.90 (p<0.000) düzeyinde pozitif yönde korelasyona sahip olduğu, ancak iki test tekniğinin ortalama değerleri arasında istatistiksel yönden farklılıkların bulunduğu belirlendi. Passing-bablok regresyon analizinde ise y= 0.88x+1.81 denklemi elde edildi. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, klinikte yoğun şekilde yapılan hematokrit ölçümlerinin değerlendirilmesinde her iki ölçüm tekniğinden yararlanılabileceği ancak iki ölçüm metodu arasında farklılıkların bulunmasına bağlı olarak hasta hayvanlarda şüpheye düşüldüğü durumlarda klasik santrifüj yöntemine dayalı mikrohematokrit ölçümlerinin yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.In this study, it was aimed to compare two different hematocrit measurement techniques which are commonly used in veterinary medicine by cell count, and amperometric method. A total of 84 neonatal diarrheic calves from both sexes with different etiologies were included in the study. For hematocrit measurements, blood samples (4 ml) were taken to blood gas injectors and tubes containing lithium heparin from calves. The Abacus Junior Vet 5 whole blood cell counter and Irma True Point blood gas analyzer were used for hematocrit measurements. According to the results of linear regression analysis and Pearson correlation, it was determined that the data obtained from the hematocrit measurements had positive correlations between r = 0.90 (p <0.000) between the two measurement techniques, but statistically significant differences were found between the mean values of the two test techniques. In Passing-bablok analysis y= 0.88x+1.81 equation was found. According to the results, both measurements can be utilized in assessing hematocrit measurement, but in case of the difference between the two measuring methods, it was concluded that suspected cases should be made based on the conventional measurement microhematocrit centrifugation

Application of oral clinoptilolite intended for prevention of giardiasis in goat kids

Bu çalışma doğal zeolit olan klinoptilolitin oğlaklarda doğal yolla oluşan giardiazise karşı terapötik etkinliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Aydın ilinde yer alan bir keçi işletmesinde ishal anamnezi bulunan G. duodenalis ile doğal enfekte her iki cinsiyetten ve 19-41 günlük yaştaki 16 oğlak çalışma kapsamına alındı. Oğlaklar her grupta n=8 olacak şekilde randomize olarak 2 ayrı gruba ayrılarak I. gruba 1 g/kg dozda 10 gün oral yolla klinoptilolit uygulanırken, II. gruptaki olgulara hiçbir ilaç uygulaması yapılmayarak kontrol grubu olarak bırakıldı. Oğlaklarda klinoptilolitin terapötik etkinliği 0. ve 10. günlerde rektumdan direkt olarak toplanan dışkı numunelerinin mikroskobik muayenesiyle değerlendirildi. Gram dışkıda kist atılımındaki azalma değerlendirildiğinde klinoptilolit giardiazise karşı 10. günde kist atılımında %95 etkinlik sağladı. Buna karşın kontrol grubunda 0. gün ile (165832) 10. günlerde (162096) kist atılımının geometrik ortalamalarındaki azalmanın yeterli olmadığı görüldü. Sonuç olarak giardiazisli oğlaklarda oral yolla 10 gün uygulanan klinoptilolitin kist atılımını etkin şekilde azaltılmasına yardımcı olduğu söylenebilir.The present study was established in an attempt to interpret treapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite against naturally occurring giardiasis in goat kids. A total of sixteen goat kids naturally infected with G. duodenalis at the age of 19 to 41 days, of both sexes were enrolled into the study from a goat farm located in Aydin province. Goat kids were randomly assigned into two groups (n=8), whereas group I received oral clinoptilolite at a dosage of 1 g/kg for 10 days, goat kids in group II were left as control without receiving any drug. Therapeutic efficacy of clinoptilolite was determined by microscopical interpretation of faecal samples collected from the rectum directly on days 0 and 10. Interpretation of the percentage reduction in cyst excretion revealed clinoptilolite efficacy as 95% on day 10. Indeed geometric means of the number of excreted cysts were not reduced sufficiently in control group between day 0 (165832) and 10 (162096). In conclusion, it might be suggested that oral administration of clinoptilolite for 10 days may have helped significant reduction the excretion of cysts in goat kids with giardiasis

Single dose of secnidazole treatment against naturally occuring Giardia duodenalis infection in Sakiz lambs

ABSTRACT Objective. The purposes of this study were to determine whether secnidazole administered at a single dose of 10 mg/kg, orally, lessens or eliminates Giardia cyst shedding, and to validate the benefit of secnidazole treatment on clinical signs and faecal consistency in lambs naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Materials and methods. To this extent weaned 12 weeks of age lambs were selected and randomly assigned into two groups based on placebo (group C, n=7 untreated control group) or treatment (group S, n=10 lambs treated with a single dose of secnidazole at 10 mg/kg). Results. On days 0 and 10, before and after treatment, respectively, reduction in cyst excretion was determined. The faecal consistency and general health were recorded at each sampling day. Conclusions. During the study there was a high (99.98%) reduction in cyst excretion in the secnidazol treatment group compared to the positive control group on day 10, resulting in a significant (p<0.001) reduction, making secnidazole highly effective treatment option

The efficacy of chloroquine treatment against naturally occuring Giardia duodenalis infection in lambs

Objective. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Chloroquine (Cq), an antimalarial medicine, administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, orally, during 5 consecutive days, in Sakiz and Merino lambs naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Materials and methods. To this extent weaned 10 weeks of aged lambs were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups based on treatment (group C, n=18 lambs treated with Cq) and placebo (group P, n=8 untreated control animals). Diagnosis was based on detection of trophozoit and/or cysts on fecal flotation. Cyst count per gram feces (days 0, 3, 7 and 10) was analyzed among groups. Results. During the trial, regarding the efficacy of Cq on days 3., 7., and 10. There was significant (p<0.01) reduction in cyst excretion; whereas evaluation of mean geometric cyst excretion revealed 100% reduction. Conclusions. There was a very high (100%) reduction in cyst excretion in the Cq treatment group compared to the positive untreated control group on days 3, 7 and 10, resulting in a significant (p<0.001) reduction, making Cq, safety, and thus highly effective treatment option of lambs with naturally occuring giardiasis. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la eficacia de la cloroquina, un medicamento contra la malaria, administrado a una dosis de 2.5 mg/kg, por vía oral, durante 5 días consecutivos, en Corderos Sakiz y Merino infectados naturalmente con Giardia duodenalis. Materiales y metodos. En esta medida destetados 10 semanas de edad fueron incluidos y asignados al azar en dos grupos sobre la base del tratamiento (grupo C, n = 18 corderos tratados con cloroquina) y placebo (grupo P, n = 8 animales de control no tratados). El diagnóstico se basa en la detección de trophozoit y/o quistes en la flotación fecal. Quiste recuento por gramo de heces (día 0, 3, 7 y 10) se analizó entre los grupos. Resultados. Respecto a la eficacia de la cloroquina en los días 3, 7 y 10 existió una reducción significativa (p<0.01) en la excreción de quistes; mientras que la evaluación de la media de la excreción Rev.MVZ Córdoba 21(2):5328-5335, 2016. ISSN: 0122-0268 ORIGINAL 5329 de quistes reveló una reducción del 100%. Conclusiones. Durante el estudio hubo una reducción del 100% en la excreción de quistes en el grupo de tratamiento con cloroquina en comparación con el grupo control no tratado positivo en los días 3, 7 y 10, lo que resulta en una disminución significativa (p<0.001) por lo que la cloroquina razonablemente es una opción de tratamiento por el costo, seguridad, y por lo tanto muy eficaz de corderos infectados naturalmente con giardiasis